Initial commit

2025-10-06 00:14:04 -04:00
commit d98bdabb74
553 changed files with 32764 additions and 0 deletions
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+BasedOnStyle: LLVM
+BreakBeforeBraces: Attach
+IndentCaseLabels: true
+IndentWidth: 4
+TabWidth: 4
+UseTab: Never
+ColumnLimit: 80
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+#
+# Simple Makefile
+# Mike Lam, James Madison University, August 2016
+#
+# This makefile builds a simple application that contains a main module
+# (specified by the EXE variable) and a predefined list of additional modules
+# (specified by the MODS variable). If there are any external library
+# dependencies (e.g., the math library, "-lm"), list them in the LIBS variable.
+# If there are any precompiled object files, list them in the OBJS variable.
+#
+# By default, this makefile will build the project with debugging symbols and
+# without optimization. To change this, edit or remove the "-g" and "-O0"
+# options in CFLAGS and LDFLAGS accordingly.
+#
+# By default, this makefile build the application using the GNU C compiler,
+# adhering to the C99 standard with all warnings enabled.
+
+
+# application-specific settings and run target
+
+EXE=y86
+MODS=p3-disas.o
+OBJS=p1-check.o p2-load.o
+LIBS=
+
+default: $(EXE)
+
+test: $(EXE)
+	TPREFIX=tests/ make -C tests test
+
+# compiler/linker settings
+
+CC=gcc
+CFLAGS=-g -O0 -Wall --std=c99 -pedantic
+LDFLAGS=-g -O0
+
+
+# build targets
+
+$(EXE): main.o $(MODS) $(OBJS)
+	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) -o $(EXE) $^ $(LIBS)
+
+%.o: %.c
+	$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) $<
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(EXE) main.o $(MODS)
+	make -C tests clean
+
+.PHONY: default clean
+
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+#ifndef __CS261_ELF__
+#define __CS261_ELF__
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#include "y86.h"
+
+/*
+   Mini-ELF file format (byte 0 = first byte of the file)
+   +----------------------------------------------+
+   | header (elf_hdr_t) - 16 bytes                |
+   +----------------------------------------------+
+   | program headers (elf_phdr_t) - 20 bytes each |
+   +----------------------------------------------+
+   | program segments - variable length of bytes  |
+   +----------------------------------------------+
+   | symbol table - each entry is 4 bytes each    |
+   +----------------------------------------------+
+   | string table - variable length of strings    |
+   +----------------------------------------------+
+
+   ELF header structure:
+   +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+   |  0   1  |  2   3  |  4   5  |  6   7  |  8   9  | 10  11  | 12  13  14  15 |
+   | version | entry   | phdr    | numphdr | symtab  | strtab  | magic number   |
+   +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+   Sample ELF header (all entries in hex, format is little endian):
+   +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+   |  01  00 |  00  01 |  10  00 |  05  00 |  ac  00 |  c2  00 | 45  4c  46  00 |
+   | version | entry   | phdr    | numphdr | symtab  | strtab  | magic number   |
+   +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+   version = 0x0001     entry = 0x0100      phdr = 0x0010     numphdr = 0x0005
+   symtab = 0x00ac      strtab = 0x00c2     magic = "ELF\0"
+
+   Interpretation:
+   This file was created under version 1 of this format. When the program is
+   loaded into memory, the instruct at address 0x100 (256) will be executed
+   first. The first program header (which indicates segments in this file)
+   starts at offset 0x10 (16) into the file, and there are 5 program headers
+   total. The symbol table starts at offset 0xac (172) into this file, and the
+   string table starts at offset 0xc2 (194). The magic number is the string
+   "ELF\0" and is for error checking.
+*/
+typedef struct __attribute__((__packed__)) elf {
+    uint16_t e_version;     /* version should be 1 */
+    uint16_t e_entry;       /* entry point of program */
+    uint16_t e_phdr_start;  /* start of program headers */
+    uint16_t e_num_phdr;    /* number of program headers */
+    uint16_t e_symtab;      /* start of symbol table */
+    uint16_t e_strtab;      /* start of string table */
+    uint32_t magic;         /* ELF */
+} elf_hdr_t;
+
+typedef enum {
+    DATA, CODE, STACK, HEAP, UNKNOWN
+} elf_segtype_t;
+
+/*
+   ELF program header structure (describing segments):
+   +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+   |  0  1  2  3 |  4  5  6  7 |  8  9 10 11 | 12 13 | 14 15 | 16 17 18 19 |
+   | offset      | size        | virt addr   | type  | flags | magic number|
+   +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+   Flags store segment permissions as RWX (read/write/execute) in binary.
+     Examples:      100 (binary) = 4 (decimal/hex) = read-only    (R  )
+                    101 (binary) = 5 (decimal/hex) = read-execute (R X)
+                    110 (binary) = 6 (decimal/hex) = read-write   (RW )
+
+   Sample ELF program header (all entries in hex, format is little endian):
+   +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+   | 74 00 00 00 | 12 00 00 00 | 00 01 00 00 | 01 00 | 05 00 | ef be ad de |
+   | offset      | size        | virt addr   | type  | flags | magic number|
+   +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+   offset = 0x00000074    size = 0x00000012           virt addr = 0x00000100
+   type = 0x0001 (CODE)   flags = 0x0005 (RX)         magic = 0xDEADBEEF
+
+   Interpretation:
+   The segment starts at offset 0x74 (116) in the file, and it is 0x12 (18)
+   bytes in size. It will be loaded into memory address 0x100 (256). Since it
+   is a CODE segment, it needs to have read-execute (RX) permissions attached.
+   The magic number is the value 0xDEADBEEF and is for error checking.
+*/
+typedef struct __attribute__((__packed__)) elf_phdr {
+    uint32_t p_offset;      /* beginning of the segment in the file (in bytes) */
+    uint32_t p_size;        /* number of bytes in the segment */
+    uint32_t p_vaddr;       /* intended virtual address of the beginning of
+                               the segment in a running program's memory */
+    uint16_t p_type;        /* segment type (e.g., code, data, etc.) */
+    uint16_t p_flags;       /* permissions flags */
+    uint32_t magic;         /* DEADBEEF */
+} elf_phdr_t;
+
+#endif
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+/*
+ * CS 261: Main driver
+ *
+ * Name: Nicholas Tamassia
+ *
+ * This code was developed in compliance with the JMU Honor code.
+ */
+
+#include "p1-check.h"
+#include "p2-load.h"
+#include "p3-disas.h"
+
+/*
+ * helper function for printing help text
+ */
+void usage(char **argv) {
+    printf("Usage: %s <option(s)> mini-elf-file\n", argv[0]);
+    printf(" Options are:\n");
+    printf("  -h      Display usage\n");
+    printf("  -H      Show the Mini-ELF header\n");
+    printf("  -a      Show all with brief memory\n");
+    printf("  -f      Show all with full memory\n");
+    printf("  -s      Show the program headers\n");
+    printf("  -m      Show the memory contents (brief)\n");
+    printf("  -M      Show the memory contents (full)\n");
+    printf("  -d      Disassemble code contents\n");
+    printf("  -D      Disassemble data contents\n");
+}
+
+void exit_file_error(FILE *file) {
+    if (file) {
+        fclose(file);
+    }
+
+    printf("Failed to read file\n");
+    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char **argv) {
+    int c;
+    bool show_elf_header = false;
+    bool show_program_header = false;
+    bool show_memory_brief = false;
+    bool show_memory_full = false;
+    bool show_code = false;
+    bool show_data = false;
+
+    while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "hHafsmMdD")) != -1) {
+        switch (c) {
+            case 'h':
+                usage(argv);
+                return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+            case 'H':
+                show_elf_header = true;
+                break;
+            case 'a':
+                show_elf_header = true;
+                show_program_header = true;
+                show_memory_brief = true;
+                break;
+            case 'f':
+                show_elf_header = true;
+                show_program_header = true;
+                show_memory_full = true;
+                break;
+            case 's':
+                show_program_header = true;
+                break;
+            case 'm':
+                show_memory_brief = true;
+                break;
+            case 'M':
+                show_memory_full = true;
+                break;
+            case 'd':
+                show_code = true;
+                break;
+            case 'D':
+                show_data = true;
+                break;
+            default:
+                usage(argv);
+                return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* File path was not the last argument */
+    bool invalid_arguments = optind != argc - 1;
+    /* Attempted to ask for brief and full memory at same time */
+    bool memory_flag_conflict = show_memory_brief && show_memory_full;
+
+    if (invalid_arguments || memory_flag_conflict) {
+        usage(argv);
+        return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    }
+
+    elf_hdr_t header = {0};
+    FILE *header_file = fopen(argv[optind], "r");
+
+    /* Read contents of header_file into header */
+    if (!read_header(header_file, &header)) {
+        exit_file_error(header_file);
+    }
+
+    if (show_elf_header) {
+        dump_header(&header);
+    }
+
+    elf_phdr_t phdrs[header.e_num_phdr];
+    memset(phdrs, 0, sizeof(phdrs));
+
+    /* Read program headers into phdrs array */
+    for (int i = 0; i < header.e_num_phdr; i++) {
+        uint16_t offset = header.e_phdr_start + i * sizeof(elf_phdr_t);
+        if (!read_phdr(header_file, offset, &phdrs[i])) {
+            exit_file_error(header_file);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (show_program_header) {
+        dump_phdrs(header.e_num_phdr, phdrs);
+    }
+
+    byte_t memory[MEMSIZE];
+    memset(memory, 0, MEMSIZE);
+
+    /* Read memory segments into memory array */
+    for (int i = 0; i < header.e_num_phdr; i++) {
+        if (!load_segment(header_file, memory, &phdrs[i])) {
+            exit_file_error(header_file);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fclose(header_file);
+
+    if (show_memory_brief) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < header.e_num_phdr; i++) {
+            uint32_t start = phdrs[i].p_vaddr;
+            uint32_t end = start + phdrs[i].p_size;
+
+            dump_memory(memory, start, end);
+        }
+    } else if (show_memory_full) {
+        dump_memory(memory, 0, MEMSIZE);
+    }
+
+    if (show_code) {
+        printf("Disassembly of executable contents:\n");
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < header.e_num_phdr; i++) {
+            if (phdrs[i].p_type == CODE) {
+                disassemble_code(memory, &phdrs[i], &header);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (show_data) {
+        printf("Disassembly of data contents:\n");
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < header.e_num_phdr; i++) {
+            if (phdrs[i].p_type == DATA && phdrs[i].p_flags == 4) {
+                disassemble_rodata(memory, &phdrs[i]);
+            } else if (phdrs[i].p_type == DATA) {
+                disassemble_data(memory, &phdrs[i]);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#ifndef __CS261_P1__
+#define __CS261_P1__
+
+#include <getopt.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "elf.h"
+
+/**
+ * @brief Load a Mini-ELF header from an open file stream
+ *
+ * @param file File stream to use for input
+ * @param hdr Pointer to region where the Mini-ELF header should be loaded
+ * @returns True if the header was successfully loaded and verified, false otherwise
+ */
+bool read_header (FILE *file, elf_hdr_t *hdr);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Print Mini-ELF header information to standard out
+ *
+ * @param hdr Header with info to print
+ */
+void dump_header (elf_hdr_t *hdr);
+
+#endif
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+#ifndef __CS261_P2__
+#define __CS261_P2__
+
+#include <getopt.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "elf.h"
+#include "y86.h"
+
+/**
+ * @brief Load a Mini-ELF program header from an open file stream
+ *
+ * @param file File stream to use for input
+ * @param offset Byte offset in file where the program header is located
+ * @param phdr Pointer to memory where the Mini-ELF program header should be loaded
+ * @returns True if the header was successfully loaded and verified, false otherwise
+ */
+bool read_phdr (FILE *file, uint16_t offset, elf_phdr_t *phdr);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Load a Mini-ELF program segment from an open file stream
+ *
+ * @param file File stream to use for input
+ * @param memory Pointer to the beginning of the Y86 address space into which
+ * the segment should be loaded
+ * @param phdr Pointer to the program header for the segment that should be loaded
+ * @returns True if the segment was successfully loaded, false otherwise
+ */
+bool load_segment (FILE *file, byte_t *memory, elf_phdr_t *phdr);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Print Mini-ELF program header information to standard out
+ *
+ * @param numphdrs Number of program headers to print
+ * @param phdrs Pointer to array of program headers with info to print
+ */
+void dump_phdrs (uint16_t numphdrs, elf_phdr_t *phdrs);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Print a portion of a Y86 address space
+ *
+ * @param memory Pointer to the beginning of the Y86 address space
+ * @param start Byte offset where printing should begin
+ * @param end Byte offset where printing should end
+ */
+void dump_memory (byte_t *memory, uint16_t start, uint16_t end);
+
+#endif
@@ -0,0 +1,574 @@
+/*
+ * CS 261 PA3: Mini-ELF disassembler
+ *
+ * Name: Nicholas Tamassia
+ *
+ * This code was developed in compliance with the JMU Honor code.
+ */
+
+#include "p3-disas.h"
+
+/**********************************************************************
+ *                         REQUIRED FUNCTIONS
+ *********************************************************************/
+
+bool has_register_byte(y86_inst_t ins);
+
+bool has_register_byte(y86_inst_t ins) {
+    switch (ins.icode) {
+        case CMOV:
+        case IRMOVQ:
+        case RMMOVQ:
+        case MRMOVQ:
+        case OPQ:
+        case PUSHQ:
+        case POPQ:
+            return true;
+        default:
+            return false;
+    }
+}
+
+bool has_valc_bytes(y86_inst_t ins);
+
+bool has_valc_bytes(y86_inst_t ins) {
+    switch (ins.icode) {
+        case IRMOVQ:
+        case RMMOVQ:
+        case MRMOVQ:
+        case JUMP:
+        case CALL:
+            return true;
+        default:
+            return false;
+    }
+}
+
+void validate_opcode(y86_inst_t *ins, byte_t *current_byte);
+
+void validate_opcode(y86_inst_t *ins, byte_t *current_byte) {
+    if (ins == NULL || current_byte == NULL) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    y86_icode_t opcode_high = *current_byte >> 4;
+    byte_t opcode_low = *current_byte & 0xF;
+    ins->icode = opcode_high;
+
+    switch (ins->icode) {
+        case CMOV:
+            if (opcode_low >= BADCMOV) {
+                ins->icode = INVALID;
+            }
+            ins->ifun.cmov = opcode_low;
+            break;
+
+        case OPQ:
+            if (opcode_low >= BADOP) {
+                ins->icode = INVALID;
+            }
+            ins->ifun.op = opcode_low;
+            break;
+
+        case JUMP:
+            if (opcode_low >= BADJUMP) {
+                ins->icode = INVALID;
+            }
+            ins->ifun.jump = opcode_low;
+            break;
+
+        case IOTRAP:
+            if (opcode_low >= BADTRAP) {
+                ins->icode = INVALID;
+            }
+            ins->ifun.trap = opcode_low;
+            break;
+
+        case HALT:
+        case NOP:
+        case IRMOVQ:
+        case RMMOVQ:
+        case MRMOVQ:
+        case CALL:
+        case RET:
+        case PUSHQ:
+        case POPQ:
+            if (opcode_low != 0x0) {
+                ins->icode = INVALID;
+            }
+            ins->ifun.b = opcode_low;
+            break;
+
+        default:
+            ins->icode = INVALID;
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+void validate_registers(y86_inst_t *ins, byte_t *current_byte);
+
+void validate_registers(y86_inst_t *ins, byte_t *current_byte) {
+    if (ins == NULL || current_byte == NULL) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    ins->ra = *current_byte >> 4;
+    ins->rb = *current_byte & 0xF;
+
+    switch (ins->icode) {
+        case IRMOVQ:
+            if (ins->ra != NOREG || ins->rb == NOREG) {
+                ins->icode = INVALID;
+            }
+            break;
+
+        case PUSHQ:
+        case POPQ:
+            if (ins->ra == NOREG || ins->rb != NOREG) {
+                ins->icode = INVALID;
+            }
+            break;
+
+        case RMMOVQ:
+        case MRMOVQ:
+            if (ins->ra == NOREG) {
+                ins->icode = INVALID;
+            }
+            break;
+
+        case CMOV:
+        case OPQ:
+            if (ins->ra == NOREG || ins->rb == NOREG) {
+                ins->icode = INVALID;
+            }
+            break;
+        default:
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+void assign_valc(y86_inst_t *ins, byte_t *current_byte);
+
+void assign_valc(y86_inst_t *ins, byte_t *current_byte) {
+    if (ins == NULL || current_byte == NULL) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    uint64_t valc = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
+        valc |= (uint64_t) * (current_byte + i) << (8 * i);
+    }
+
+    switch (ins->icode) {
+        case IRMOVQ:
+            ins->valC.v = valc;
+            break;
+        case RMMOVQ:
+        case MRMOVQ:
+            ins->valC.d = valc;
+            break;
+        case JUMP:
+        case CALL:
+            ins->valC.dest = valc;
+            break;
+        default:
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+y86_inst_t fetch(y86_t *cpu, byte_t *memory) {
+    y86_inst_t ins = {0};
+
+    if (cpu == NULL || memory == NULL) {
+        ins.icode = INVALID;
+        return ins;
+    }
+
+    if (cpu->pc > MEMSIZE - 10) {
+        ins.icode = INVALID;
+        cpu->stat = ADR;
+        return ins;
+    }
+
+    byte_t *current_byte = &memory[cpu->pc];
+
+    validate_opcode(&ins, current_byte);
+    if (ins.icode == INVALID) {
+        cpu->stat = INS;
+        return ins;
+    }
+
+    current_byte++;
+
+    if (has_register_byte(ins)) {
+        validate_registers(&ins, current_byte);
+
+        if (ins.icode == INVALID) {
+            cpu->stat = INS;
+            return ins;
+        }
+
+        current_byte++;
+    }
+
+    if (has_valc_bytes(ins)) {
+        assign_valc(&ins, current_byte);
+        current_byte += 8;
+    }
+
+    ins.valP = current_byte - memory;
+
+    if (ins.icode == HALT) {
+        cpu->stat = HLT;
+    } else {
+        cpu->stat = AOK;
+    }
+
+    return ins;
+}
+
+/**********************************************************************
+ *                         OPTIONAL FUNCTIONS
+ *********************************************************************/
+
+void print_register(y86_regnum_t y86_register);
+
+void print_register(y86_regnum_t y86_register) {
+    switch (y86_register) {
+        case RAX:
+            printf("%%rax");
+            break;
+        case RCX:
+            printf("%%rcx");
+            break;
+        case RDX:
+            printf("%%rdx");
+            break;
+        case RBX:
+            printf("%%rbx");
+            break;
+        case RSP:
+            printf("%%rsp");
+            break;
+        case RBP:
+            printf("%%rbp");
+            break;
+        case RSI:
+            printf("%%rsi");
+            break;
+        case RDI:
+            printf("%%rdi");
+            break;
+        case R8:
+        case R9:
+        case R10:
+        case R11:
+        case R12:
+        case R13:
+        case R14:
+            printf("%%r%d", y86_register);
+            break;
+        case NOREG:
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+void print_cmov(y86_cmov_t cmov);
+
+void print_cmov(y86_cmov_t cmov) {
+    switch (cmov) {
+        case RRMOVQ:
+            printf("rrmovq");
+            break;
+        case CMOVLE:
+            printf("cmovle");
+            break;
+        case CMOVL:
+            printf("cmovl");
+            break;
+        case CMOVE:
+            printf("cmove");
+            break;
+        case CMOVNE:
+            printf("cmovne");
+            break;
+        case CMOVGE:
+            printf("cmovge");
+            break;
+        case CMOVG:
+            printf("cmovg");
+            break;
+        case BADCMOV:
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+void print_opq(y86_op_t opq);
+
+void print_opq(y86_op_t opq) {
+    switch (opq) {
+        case ADD:
+            printf("addq");
+            break;
+        case SUB:
+            printf("subq");
+            break;
+        case AND:
+            printf("andq");
+            break;
+        case XOR:
+            printf("xorq");
+            break;
+        case BADOP:
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+void print_jump(y86_jump_t jump);
+
+void print_jump(y86_jump_t jump) {
+    switch (jump) {
+        case JMP:
+            printf("jmp");
+            break;
+        case JLE:
+            printf("jle");
+            break;
+        case JL:
+            printf("jl");
+            break;
+        case JE:
+            printf("je");
+            break;
+        case JNE:
+            printf("jne");
+            break;
+        case JGE:
+            printf("jge");
+            break;
+        case JG:
+            printf("jg");
+            break;
+        case BADJUMP:
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+void disassemble(y86_inst_t *inst) {
+    if (inst == NULL) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    switch (inst->icode) {
+        case HALT:
+            printf("halt");
+            break;
+        case NOP:
+            printf("nop");
+            break;
+        case CMOV:
+            print_cmov(inst->ifun.cmov);
+            printf(" ");
+            print_register(inst->ra);
+            printf(", ");
+            print_register(inst->rb);
+            break;
+        case IRMOVQ:
+            printf("irmovq 0x%lx, ", inst->valC.v);
+            print_register(inst->rb);
+            break;
+        case RMMOVQ:
+            printf("rmmovq ");
+            print_register(inst->ra);
+            printf(", ");
+            printf("0x%lx", inst->valC.d);
+            if (inst->rb != NOREG) {
+                printf("(");
+                print_register(inst->rb);
+                printf(")");
+            }
+            break;
+        case MRMOVQ:
+            printf("mrmovq 0x%lx", inst->valC.d);
+            if (inst->rb != NOREG) {
+                printf("(");
+                print_register(inst->rb);
+                printf(")");
+            }
+            printf(", ");
+            print_register(inst->ra);
+            break;
+        case OPQ:
+            print_opq(inst->ifun.op);
+            printf(" ");
+            print_register(inst->ra);
+            printf(", ");
+            print_register(inst->rb);
+            break;
+        case JUMP:
+            print_jump(inst->ifun.jump);
+            printf(" 0x%lx", inst->valC.dest);
+            break;
+        case CALL:
+            printf("call 0x%lx", inst->valC.dest);
+            break;
+        case RET:
+            printf("ret");
+            break;
+        case PUSHQ:
+            printf("pushq ");
+            print_register(inst->ra);
+            break;
+        case POPQ:
+            printf("popq ");
+            print_register(inst->ra);
+            break;
+        case IOTRAP:
+            printf("iotrap %d", inst->ifun.trap);
+            break;
+        default:
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+void disassemble_code(byte_t *memory, elf_phdr_t *phdr, elf_hdr_t *hdr) {
+    if (memory == NULL || phdr == NULL || hdr == NULL) {
+        printf("Failed to disassemble code\n");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    y86_t cpu = {0};
+    y86_inst_t ins = {0};
+    uint32_t p_vaddr_end = phdr->p_vaddr + phdr->p_size;
+    cpu.pc = phdr->p_vaddr;
+
+    printf("  0x%03lx:%*s| .pos 0x%03lx code\n", cpu.pc, 31, "", cpu.pc);
+
+    while (cpu.pc < p_vaddr_end) {
+        if (cpu.pc == hdr->e_entry) {
+            printf("  0x%03lx:%*s| _start:\n", cpu.pc, 31, "");
+        }
+
+        ins = fetch(&cpu, memory);
+
+        if (ins.icode == INVALID) {
+            printf("Invalid opcode: 0x%02x\n", memory[cpu.pc]);
+            break;
+        }
+
+        printf("  0x%03lx: ", cpu.pc);
+
+        int bytes_printed = 1;
+        printf("%02x ", ins.icode << 4 | ins.ifun.b);
+
+        if (has_register_byte(ins)) {
+            printf("%02x ", (ins.ra << 4 | ins.rb));
+            bytes_printed++;
+        }
+
+        if (has_valc_bytes(ins)) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
+                printf("%02lx ", (ins.valC.d >> (8 * i)) & 0xFF);
+            }
+
+            bytes_printed += 8;
+        }
+
+        /* Print #x spaces to align the "|" */
+        printf("%*s|   ", 30 - 3 * bytes_printed, "");
+        disassemble(&ins);
+        printf("\n");
+
+        cpu.pc = ins.valP;
+    }
+
+    printf("\n");
+}
+
+void disassemble_data(byte_t *memory, elf_phdr_t *phdr) {
+    if (memory == NULL || phdr == NULL) {
+        printf("Failed to disassemble data\n");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    uint32_t pc = phdr->p_vaddr;
+    uint32_t p_vaddr_end = phdr->p_vaddr + phdr->p_size;
+
+    printf("  0x%03x:%*s| .pos 0x%03x data\n", pc, 31, "", pc);
+
+    while (pc < p_vaddr_end) {
+        uint64_t byte_string = 0;
+
+        printf("  0x%03x: ", pc);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
+            byte_string |= (uint64_t)(memory[pc + i]) << (8 * i);
+            printf("%02x ", memory[pc + i]);
+        }
+        printf("      |   .quad 0x%lx\n", byte_string);
+
+        pc += 8;
+    }
+
+    printf("\n");
+}
+
+void disassemble_rodata(byte_t *memory, elf_phdr_t *phdr) {
+    if (memory == NULL || phdr == NULL) {
+        printf("Failed to disassemble read-only data\n");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    uint32_t pc = phdr->p_vaddr;
+    uint32_t p_vaddr_end = phdr->p_vaddr + phdr->p_size;
+
+    printf("  0x%03x:%*s| .pos 0x%03x rodata\n", pc, 31, "", pc);
+
+    uint32_t string_address = pc; /* Address of current .string */
+    uint32_t char_count = 0;
+
+    while (pc < p_vaddr_end) {
+        bool on_line_start = (char_count + 1) % 10 == 1;
+        bool on_null_terminator = memory[pc] == 0x00;
+        bool break_line = on_null_terminator || (char_count + 1) % 10 == 0;
+
+        if (on_line_start) {
+            printf("  0x%03x: ", pc);
+        }
+
+        printf("%02x ", memory[pc]);
+
+        /* If reached end of line, print #x spaces to align the "|" */
+        if (break_line) {
+            int spaces = 27 - (char_count % 10) * 3;
+            printf("%*s| ", spaces, "");
+        }
+
+        /* Prints out the full string if reached the end of the first line */
+        if (break_line && char_count <= 9) {
+            byte_t *current_byte = &memory[string_address];
+
+            printf("  .string \"");
+            while (*current_byte != 0x00) {
+                printf("%c", *current_byte);
+                current_byte++;
+            }
+            printf("\"");
+        }
+
+        if (break_line) {
+            printf("\n");
+        }
+
+        /* Reset char count to indicate new word on null terminator */
+        if (on_null_terminator) {
+            string_address = pc + 1;
+            char_count = 0;
+        } else {
+            char_count++;
+        }
+
+        pc++;
+    }
+
+    printf("\n");
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+#ifndef __CS261_P3__
+#define __CS261_P3__
+
+#include <getopt.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "elf.h"
+#include "y86.h"
+
+/**
+ * @brief Load a Y86 instruction from memory
+ *
+ * @param cpu Pointer to Y86 CPU structure with the PC address to be loaded
+ * @param memory Pointer to the beginning of the Y86 address space
+ * @returns Populated Y86 instruction structure
+ */
+y86_inst_t fetch (y86_t *cpu, byte_t *memory);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Print the disassembly of a Y86 instruction to standard out
+ *
+ * @param inst Pointer to Y86 instruction structure to be printed
+ */
+void disassemble (y86_inst_t *inst);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Print the disassembly of a Y86 code segment
+ *
+ * @param memory Pointer to the beginning of the Y86 address space
+ * @param phdr Program header of segment to be printed
+ * @param hdr File header (needed to detect the entry point)
+ */
+void disassemble_code   (byte_t *memory, elf_phdr_t *phdr, elf_hdr_t *hdr);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Print the disassembly of a Y86 read/write data segment
+ *
+ * @param memory Pointer to the beginning of the Y86 address space
+ * @param phdr Program header of segment to be printed
+ */
+void disassemble_data   (byte_t *memory, elf_phdr_t *phdr);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Print the disassembly of a Y86 read-only data segment
+ *
+ * @param memory Pointer to the beginning of the Y86 address space
+ * @param phdr Program header of segment to be printed
+ */
+void disassemble_rodata (byte_t *memory, elf_phdr_t *phdr);
+
+#endif
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+#
+# Simple Test Makefile
+# Mike Lam, James Madison University, August 2016
+#
+# This version of the Makefile includes support for building a test suite. The
+# recommended framework is Check (http://check.sourceforge.net/). To build and
+# run the test suite, execute the "test" target. The test suite must be located
+# in a module called "testsuite". The MODS, LIBS, and OBJS variables work as
+# they do in the main Makefile.
+#
+# To change the default build target (which executes when you just type
+# "make"), change the right-hand side of the definition of the "default"
+# target.
+#
+# By default, this makefile will build the project with debugging symbols and
+# without optimization. To change this, edit or remove the "-g" and "-O0"
+# options in CFLAGS and LDFLAGS accordingly.
+#
+# By default, this makefile build the application using the GNU C compiler,
+# adhering to the C99 standard with all warnings enabled.
+
+
+# application-specific settings and run target
+
+EXE=../y86
+TEST=testsuite
+MODS=public.o
+OBJS=../p1-check.o ../p2-load.o ../p3-disas.o private.o
+LIBS=
+
+UTESTOUT=utests.txt
+ITESTOUT=itests.txt
+
+default: $(TEST)
+
+$(EXE):
+	make -C ../
+
+test: utest itest
+	@echo "========================================"
+
+utest: $(EXE) $(TEST)
+	@echo "========================================"
+	@echo "             UNIT TESTS"
+	@./$(TEST) 2>/dev/null >$(UTESTOUT)
+	@cat $(UTESTOUT) | sed -n -e '/Checks/,$$p' | sed -e 's/^private.*:[EF]://g'
+
+itest: $(EXE)
+	@echo "========================================"
+	@echo "          INTEGRATION TESTS"
+	@./integration.sh | tee $(ITESTOUT)
+
+
+# compiler/linker settings
+
+CC=gcc
+CFLAGS=-g -O0 -Wall --std=c99 -pedantic
+LDFLAGS=-g -O0
+
+CFLAGS+=-I/opt/homebrew/include -Wno-gnu-zero-variadic-macro-arguments
+LDFLAGS+=-L/opt/homebrew/lib
+LIBS+=-lcheck -lm -lpthread
+
+ifeq ($(shell uname -s),Linux)
+	LIBS+=-lrt -lsubunit
+endif
+
+
+# build targets
+
+$(TEST): $(TEST).o $(MODS) $(OBJS)
+	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) -o $(TEST) $^ $(LIBS)
+
+%.o: %.c
+	$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) $<
+
+clean:
+	rm -rf $(TEST) $(TEST).o $(MODS) $(UTESTOUT) $(ITESTOUT) outputs valgrind
+
+.PHONY: default clean test unittest inttest
+
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Failed to read file
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Failed to read file
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Failed to read file
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Failed to read file
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Failed to read file
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Disassembly of data contents:
+  0x200:                               | .pos 0x200 data
+  0x200: 88 77 66 55 44 33 22 11       |   .quad 0x1122334455667788
+  0x208: 78 56 34 12 00 00 00 00       |   .quad 0x12345678
+  0x210: 42 00 00 00 00 00 00 00       |   .quad 0x42
+
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Disassembly of executable contents:
+  0x100:                               | .pos 0x100 code
+  0x100:                               | _start:
+  0x100: 00                            |   halt
+
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Usage: ../y86 <option(s)> mini-elf-file
+ Options are:
+  -h      Display usage
+  -H      Show the Mini-ELF header
+  -a      Show all with brief memory
+  -f      Show all with full memory
+  -s      Show the program headers
+  -m      Show the memory contents (brief)
+  -M      Show the memory contents (full)
+  -d      Disassemble code contents
+  -D      Disassemble data contents
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+Disassembly of executable contents:
+  0x100:                               | .pos 0x100 code
+  0x100:                               | _start:
+  0x100: 00                            |   halt
+
+  0x400:                               | .pos 0x400 code
+  0x400: 10                            |   nop
+  0x401: 00                            |   halt
+
+Disassembly of data contents:
+  0x200:                               | .pos 0x200 data
+  0x200: 10 00 00 00 00 00 00 00       |   .quad 0x10
+
+  0x300:                               | .pos 0x300 rodata
+  0x300: 74 65 73 74 00                |   .string "test"
+
+  0x500:                               | .pos 0x500 data
+  0x500: 78 56 34 12 00 00 00 00       |   .quad 0x12345678
+
+  0x600:                               | .pos 0x600 rodata
+  0x600: 61 67 61 69 6e 00             |   .string "again"
+
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Disassembly of executable contents:
+  0x100:                               | .pos 0x100 code
+  0x100:                               | _start:
+  0x100: 30 f3 0f 00 00 00 20 31 40 13 |   irmovq 0x134031200000000f, %rbx
+Invalid opcode: 0xfd
+
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Usage: ../y86 <option(s)> mini-elf-file
+ Options are:
+  -h      Display usage
+  -H      Show the Mini-ELF header
+  -a      Show all with brief memory
+  -f      Show all with full memory
+  -s      Show the program headers
+  -m      Show the memory contents (brief)
+  -M      Show the memory contents (full)
+  -d      Disassemble code contents
+  -D      Disassemble data contents
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Disassembly of data contents:
+  0x200:                               | .pos 0x200 rodata
+  0x200: 68 65 6c 6c 6f 00             |   .string "hello"
+
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Disassembly of executable contents:
+  0x100:                               | .pos 0x100 code
+  0x100:                               | _start:
+  0x100: 00                            |   halt
+
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+Disassembly of data contents:
+  0x200:                               | .pos 0x200 rodata
+  0x200: 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 |   .string "0123456789"
+  0x20a: 00                            | 
+  0x20b: 68 65 6c 6c 6f 20 77 6f 72 6c |   .string "hello world"
+  0x215: 64 00                         | 
+  0x217: 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 6a |   .string "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
+  0x221: 6b 6c 6d 6e 6f 70 71 72 73 74 | 
+  0x22b: 75 76 77 78 79 7a 00          | 
+
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Disassembly of data contents:
+  0x200:                               | .pos 0x200 rodata
+  0x200: 66 6f 6f 00                   |   .string "foo"
+  0x204: 77 30 30 74 00                |   .string "w00t"
+  0x209: 75 70 20 64 6f 77 6e 00       |   .string "up down"
+
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+Disassembly of data contents:
+  0x200:                               | .pos 0x200 rodata
+  0x200: 54 6f 20 62 65 2c 20 6f 72 20 |   .string "To be, or not to be: that is the question"
+  0x20a: 6e 6f 74 20 74 6f 20 62 65 3a | 
+  0x214: 20 74 68 61 74 20 69 73 20 74 | 
+  0x21e: 68 65 20 71 75 65 73 74 69 6f | 
+  0x228: 6e 00                         | 
+  0x22a: 57 68 61 74 27 73 20 69 6e 20 |   .string "What's in a name? A rose by any other name would smell as sweet."
+  0x234: 61 20 6e 61 6d 65 3f 20 41 20 | 
+  0x23e: 72 6f 73 65 20 62 79 20 61 6e | 
+  0x248: 79 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 6e 61 | 
+  0x252: 6d 65 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 20 73 | 
+  0x25c: 6d 65 6c 6c 20 61 73 20 73 77 | 
+  0x266: 65 65 74 2e 00                | 
+  0x26b: 42 75 74 2c 20 66 6f 72 20 6d |   .string "But, for my own part, it was Greek to me."
+  0x275: 79 20 6f 77 6e 20 70 61 72 74 | 
+  0x27f: 2c 20 69 74 20 77 61 73 20 47 | 
+  0x289: 72 65 65 6b 20 74 6f 20 6d 65 | 
+  0x293: 2e 00                         | 
+
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+01 00 18 01 10 00 03 00  00 00 00 00 45 4c 46 00
+Mini-ELF version 1
+Entry point 0x118
+There are 3 program headers, starting at offset 16 (0x10)
+There is no symbol table present
+There is no string table present
+ Segment   Offset    Size      VirtAddr  Type      Flags
+  00       0x004c    0x0009    0x0000    CODE      R X
+  01       0x0055    0x0002    0x0118    CODE      R X
+  02       0x0057    0x0008    0x013a    DATA      RW 
+Contents of memory from 0000 to 0009:
+  0000  70 18 01 00 00 00 00 00  00
+Contents of memory from 0118 to 011a:
+  0110                           10 00
+Contents of memory from 013a to 0142:
+  0130                                 39 30 00 00 00 00
+  0140  00 00
+Disassembly of executable contents:
+  0x000:                               | .pos 0x000 code
+  0x000: 70 18 01 00 00 00 00 00 00    |   jmp 0x118
+
+  0x118:                               | .pos 0x118 code
+  0x118:                               | _start:
+  0x118: 10                            |   nop
+  0x119: 00                            |   halt
+
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+01 00 55 05 10 00 03 00  00 00 00 00 45 4c 46 00
+Mini-ELF version 1
+Entry point 0x555
+There are 3 program headers, starting at offset 16 (0x10)
+There is no symbol table present
+There is no string table present
+ Segment   Offset    Size      VirtAddr  Type      Flags
+  00       0x004c    0x0009    0x0000    CODE      R X
+  01       0x0055    0x001f    0x0555    CODE      R X
+  02       0x0074    0x0008    0x0987    DATA      RW 
+Contents of memory from 0000 to 0009:
+  0000  70 55 05 00 00 00 00 00  00
+Contents of memory from 0555 to 0574:
+  0550                 30 f0 4d  01 00 00 00 00 00 00 30
+  0560  f3 de 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 30 f1 6f 00 00 00 00
+  0570  00 00 00 00
+Contents of memory from 0987 to 098f:
+  0980                       dd  cc bb aa 00 00 00 00
+Disassembly of executable contents:
+  0x000:                               | .pos 0x000 code
+  0x000: 70 55 05 00 00 00 00 00 00    |   jmp 0x555
+
+  0x555:                               | .pos 0x555 code
+  0x555:                               | _start:
+  0x555: 30 f0 4d 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 |   irmovq 0x14d, %rax
+  0x55f: 30 f3 de 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |   irmovq 0xde, %rbx
+  0x569: 30 f1 6f 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |   irmovq 0x6f, %rcx
+  0x573: 00                            |   halt
+
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+Disassembly of executable contents:
+  0x100:                               | .pos 0x100 code
+  0x100:                               | _start:
+  0x100: c0                            |   iotrap 0
+  0x101: c1                            |   iotrap 1
+  0x102: c2                            |   iotrap 2
+  0x103: c3                            |   iotrap 3
+  0x104: c4                            |   iotrap 4
+  0x105: c5                            |   iotrap 5
+
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Disassembly of executable contents:
+  0x100:                               | .pos 0x100 code
+  0x100:                               | _start:
+  0x100: 70 88 77 66 55 44 33 22 11    |   jmp 0x1122334455667788
+  0x109: 71 77 66 55 44 33 22 11 88    |   jle 0x8811223344556677
+  0x112: 72 66 55 44 33 22 11 88 77    |   jl 0x7788112233445566
+  0x11b: 73 55 44 33 22 11 88 77 66    |   je 0x6677881122334455
+  0x124: 74 44 33 22 11 88 77 66 55    |   jne 0x5566778811223344
+  0x12d: 75 33 22 11 88 77 66 55 44    |   jge 0x4455667788112233
+  0x136: 76 22 11 88 77 66 55 44 33    |   jg 0x3344556677881122
+
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Disassembly of executable contents:
+  0x100:                               | .pos 0x100 code
+  0x100:                               | _start:
+  0x100: 70 88 77 66 55 44 33 22 11    |   jmp 0x1122334455667788
+  0x109: 80 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88    |   call 0x8877665544332211
+
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+01 00 00 01 10 00 01 00  00 00 00 00 45 4c 46 00
+Mini-ELF version 1
+Entry point 0x100
+There are 1 program headers, starting at offset 16 (0x10)
+There is no symbol table present
+There is no string table present
+ Segment   Offset    Size      VirtAddr  Type      Flags
+  00       0x0024    0x0017    0x0100    CODE      R X
+Contents of memory from 0100 to 0117:
+  0100  30 f0 68 24 00 00 00 00  00 00 30 f3 34 12 00 00
+  0110  00 00 00 00 60 03 00
+Disassembly of executable contents:
+  0x100:                               | .pos 0x100 code
+  0x100:                               | _start:
+  0x100: 30 f0 68 24 00 00 00 00 00 00 |   irmovq 0x2468, %rax
+  0x10a: 30 f3 34 12 00 00 00 00 00 00 |   irmovq 0x1234, %rbx
+  0x114: 60 03                         |   addq %rax, %rbx
+  0x116: 00                            |   halt
+
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+Disassembly of executable contents:
+  0x100:                               | .pos 0x100 code
+  0x100: 10                            |   nop
+  0x101: 10                            |   nop
+  0x102: 10                            |   nop
+  0x103:                               | _start:
+  0x103: 30 f0 68 24 00 00 00 00 00 00 |   irmovq 0x2468, %rax
+  0x10d: 30 f3 34 12 00 00 00 00 00 00 |   irmovq 0x1234, %rbx
+  0x117: 60 03                         |   addq %rax, %rbx
+  0x119: 70 00 02 00 00 00 00 00 00    |   jmp 0x200
+
+  0x200:                               | .pos 0x200 code
+  0x200: 30 f1 78 56 00 00 00 00 00 00 |   irmovq 0x5678, %rcx
+  0x20a: 30 f2 14 15 00 00 00 00 00 00 |   irmovq 0x1514, %rdx
+  0x214: 61 21                         |   subq %rdx, %rcx
+  0x216: 00                            |   halt
+
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Disassembly of executable contents:
+  0x100:                               | .pos 0x100 code
+  0x100:                               | _start:
+  0x100: 30 f0 88 77 66 55 44 33 22 11 |   irmovq 0x1122334455667788, %rax
+  0x10a: 40 12 21 43 65 87 78 56 34 12 |   rmmovq %rcx, 0x1234567887654321(%rdx)
+  0x114: 50 12 78 56 34 12 21 43 65 87 |   mrmovq 0x8765432112345678(%rdx), %rcx
+  0x11e: 40 1f 21 43 65 87 78 56 34 12 |   rmmovq %rcx, 0x1234567887654321
+  0x128: 50 1f 78 56 34 12 21 43 65 87 |   mrmovq 0x8765432112345678, %rcx
+
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Disassembly of executable contents:
+  0x100:                               | .pos 0x100 code
+  0x100:                               | _start:
+  0x100: 20 01                         |   rrmovq %rax, %rcx
+  0x102: 21 23                         |   cmovle %rdx, %rbx
+  0x104: 22 45                         |   cmovl %rsp, %rbp
+  0x106: 23 67                         |   cmove %rsi, %rdi
+  0x108: 24 89                         |   cmovne %r8, %r9
+  0x10a: 25 ab                         |   cmovge %r10, %r11
+  0x10c: 26 ce                         |   cmovg %r12, %r14
+
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Usage: ../y86 <option(s)> mini-elf-file
+ Options are:
+  -h      Display usage
+  -H      Show the Mini-ELF header
+  -a      Show all with brief memory
+  -f      Show all with full memory
+  -s      Show the program headers
+  -m      Show the memory contents (brief)
+  -M      Show the memory contents (full)
+  -d      Disassemble code contents
+  -D      Disassemble data contents
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+Disassembly of executable contents:
+  0x100:                               | .pos 0x100 code
+  0x100:                               | _start:
+  0x100: 60 23                         |   addq %rdx, %rbx
+  0x102: 61 01                         |   subq %rax, %rcx
+  0x104: 62 45                         |   andq %rsp, %rbp
+  0x106: 63 67                         |   xorq %rsi, %rdi
+
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+Disassembly of executable contents:
+  0x100:                               | .pos 0x100 code
+  0x100:                               | _start:
+  0x100: 20 01                         |   rrmovq %rax, %rcx
+  0x102: 60 23                         |   addq %rdx, %rbx
+  0x104: a0 6f                         |   pushq %rsi
+  0x106: b0 7f                         |   popq %rdi
+
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Disassembly of executable contents:
+  0x100:                               | .pos 0x100 code
+  0x100:                               | _start:
+  0x100: 00                            |   halt
+  0x101: 10                            |   nop
+  0x102: 90                            |   ret
+
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# extract executable name from Makefile
+EXE=$(grep "EXE=" Makefile | sed -e "s/EXE=//")
+
+# detect timeout utility (i.e., "timeout" on Linux and "gtimeout" on MacOS)
+# and set timeout interval
+TIMEOUT="timeout"
+TIMEOUT_INTERVAL="3s"
+$TIMEOUT --help &>/dev/null
+if [[ $? -ne 0 ]]; then
+    TIMEOUT="gtimeout"
+fi
+
+# Valgrind additional output flags
+VG_FLAGS="--leak-check=full --track-origins=yes"
+
+function run_test {
+
+    # parameters
+    TAG=$1
+    ARGS=$2
+    PTAG=$(printf '%-30s' "$TAG")
+
+    # file paths
+    OUTPUT=outputs/$TAG.txt
+    DIFF=outputs/$TAG.diff
+    EXPECT=expected/$TAG.txt
+    VALGRND=valgrind/$TAG.txt
+
+    # run test with timeout
+    $TIMEOUT $TIMEOUT_INTERVAL $EXE $ARGS 2>/dev/null >"$OUTPUT"
+    if [ "$?" -lt 124 ]; then
+
+        # no timeout; compare output to the expected version
+        diff -u "$OUTPUT" "$EXPECT" >"$DIFF"
+        if [ -s "$DIFF" ]; then
+
+            # try alternative solution (if it exists)
+            EXPECT=expected/$TAG-2.txt
+            if [ -e "$EXPECT" ]; then
+                diff -u "$OUTPUT" "$EXPECT" >"$DIFF"
+                if [ -s "$DIFF" ]; then
+                    echo "$PTAG FAIL (see ${TPREFIX}$DIFF for details)"
+                else
+                    echo "$PTAG pass"
+                fi
+            else
+                echo "$PTAG FAIL (see ${TPREFIX}$DIFF for details)"
+            fi
+        else
+            echo "$PTAG pass"
+        fi
+
+        # run valgrind
+        $TIMEOUT $TIMEOUT_INTERVAL valgrind $VG_FLAGS $EXE $ARGS &>$VALGRND
+    else
+        echo "$PTAG FAIL (crash or timeout)"
+    fi
+}
+
+# initialize output folders
+mkdir -p outputs
+mkdir -p valgrind
+rm -f outputs/* valgrind/*
+
+# run individual tests
+source itests.include
+
+# check for memory leaks
+LEAK=`cat valgrind/*.txt | grep 'definitely lost' | grep -v ' 0 bytes in 0 blocks'`
+if [ -z "$LEAK" ]; then
+    echo "No memory leak found."
+else
+    echo "Memory leak(s) found. See files listed below for details."
+    grep 'definitely lost' valgrind/*.txt | sed -e 's/:.*$//g' | awk "{print \"  - ${TPREFIX}\" \$0}"
+fi
+
+# check for uninitialized values
+LEAK=`cat valgrind/*.txt | grep 'uninitialised value'`
+if [ -z "$LEAK" ]; then
+    echo "No uninitialized value found."
+else
+    echo "Uninitialized value(s) found. See files listed below for details."
+    grep 'uninitialised value' valgrind/*.txt | sed -e 's/:.*$//g' | awk "{print \"  - ${TPREFIX}\" \$0}"
+fi
+
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# list of integration tests
+#  format: run_test <TAG> <ARGS>
+#    <TAG>      used as the root for all filenames (i.e., "expected/$TAG.txt")
+#    <ARGS>     command-line arguments to test
+
+run_test    D_onebyte               "-d inputs/onebyte.o"
+run_test    C_help                  "-h"
+run_test    C_twobyte               "-d inputs/twobyte.o"
+run_test    C_cmov                  "-d inputs/cmov.o"
+run_test    C_opq                   "-d inputs/opq.o"
+run_test    B_ninebyte              "-d inputs/ninebyte.o"
+run_test    B_jmp                   "-d inputs/jmp.o"
+run_test    B_tenbyte               "-d inputs/tenbyte.o"
+run_test    B_simple                "-a -d inputs/simple.o"
+run_test    B_simple_multi          "-d inputs/simple_multi.o"
+run_test    B_iotrap                "-d inputs/iotrap.o"
+run_test    A_data_code             "-d inputs/data.o"
+run_test    A_rodata_code           "-d inputs/rodata.o"
+run_test    A_data                  "-D inputs/data.o"
+run_test    A_rodata                "-D inputs/rodata.o"
+run_test    A_rodata_multi          "-D inputs/rodata_multi.o"
+run_test    A_interleaved           "-d -D inputs/interleaved.o"
+run_test    A_invalid               "-d inputs/invalid.o"
+run_test    A_bad_no_elf            "-d inputs/bad-no_elf.o"
+run_test    A_bad_phdr              "-d inputs/bad-phdr.o"
+run_test    A_bad_short_header      "-d inputs/bad-short_header.o"
+run_test    A_bad_short_phdr        "-d inputs/bad-short_phdr.o"
+run_test    A_bad_filename          "-d inputs/bad-nonexist.o"
+run_test    A_missing_file          "-d"
+run_test    A_extra_params          "-d inputs/onebyte.o extra params"
+run_test    A_unaligned1            "-a -d inputs/unaligned.o"
+run_test    A_unaligned2            "-a -d inputs/unaligned2.o"
+run_test    A_rodata_long           "-D inputs/rodata_long.o"
+run_test    A_rodata_shakespeare    "-D inputs/rodata_shakespeare.o"
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+D_onebyte                      pass
+C_help                         pass
+C_twobyte                      pass
+C_cmov                         pass
+C_opq                          pass
+B_ninebyte                     pass
+B_jmp                          pass
+B_tenbyte                      pass
+B_simple                       pass
+B_simple_multi                 pass
+B_iotrap                       pass
+A_data_code                    pass
+A_rodata_code                  pass
+A_data                         pass
+A_rodata                       pass
+A_rodata_multi                 pass
+A_interleaved                  pass
+A_invalid                      pass
+A_bad_no_elf                   pass
+A_bad_phdr                     pass
+A_bad_short_header             pass
+A_bad_short_phdr               pass
+A_bad_filename                 pass
+A_missing_file                 pass
+A_extra_params                 pass
+A_unaligned1                   pass
+A_unaligned2                   pass
+A_rodata_long                  pass
+A_rodata_shakespeare           pass
+No memory leak found.
+No uninitialized value found.
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Failed to read file
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Failed to read file
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Failed to read file
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Failed to read file
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Failed to read file
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Disassembly of data contents:
+  0x200:                               | .pos 0x200 data
+  0x200: 88 77 66 55 44 33 22 11       |   .quad 0x1122334455667788
+  0x208: 78 56 34 12 00 00 00 00       |   .quad 0x12345678
+  0x210: 42 00 00 00 00 00 00 00       |   .quad 0x42
+
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Disassembly of executable contents:
+  0x100:                               | .pos 0x100 code
+  0x100:                               | _start:
+  0x100: 00                            |   halt
+
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Usage: ../y86 <option(s)> mini-elf-file
+ Options are:
+  -h      Display usage
+  -H      Show the Mini-ELF header
+  -a      Show all with brief memory
+  -f      Show all with full memory
+  -s      Show the program headers
+  -m      Show the memory contents (brief)
+  -M      Show the memory contents (full)
+  -d      Disassemble code contents
+  -D      Disassemble data contents
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+Disassembly of executable contents:
+  0x100:                               | .pos 0x100 code
+  0x100:                               | _start:
+  0x100: 00                            |   halt
+
+  0x400:                               | .pos 0x400 code
+  0x400: 10                            |   nop
+  0x401: 00                            |   halt
+
+Disassembly of data contents:
+  0x200:                               | .pos 0x200 data
+  0x200: 10 00 00 00 00 00 00 00       |   .quad 0x10
+
+  0x300:                               | .pos 0x300 rodata
+  0x300: 74 65 73 74 00                |   .string "test"
+
+  0x500:                               | .pos 0x500 data
+  0x500: 78 56 34 12 00 00 00 00       |   .quad 0x12345678
+
+  0x600:                               | .pos 0x600 rodata
+  0x600: 61 67 61 69 6e 00             |   .string "again"
+
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Disassembly of executable contents:
+  0x100:                               | .pos 0x100 code
+  0x100:                               | _start:
+  0x100: 30 f3 0f 00 00 00 20 31 40 13 |   irmovq 0x134031200000000f, %rbx
+Invalid opcode: 0xfd
+
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Usage: ../y86 <option(s)> mini-elf-file
+ Options are:
+  -h      Display usage
+  -H      Show the Mini-ELF header
+  -a      Show all with brief memory
+  -f      Show all with full memory
+  -s      Show the program headers
+  -m      Show the memory contents (brief)
+  -M      Show the memory contents (full)
+  -d      Disassemble code contents
+  -D      Disassemble data contents
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Disassembly of data contents:
+  0x200:                               | .pos 0x200 rodata
+  0x200: 68 65 6c 6c 6f 00             |   .string "hello"
+
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Disassembly of executable contents:
+  0x100:                               | .pos 0x100 code
+  0x100:                               | _start:
+  0x100: 00                            |   halt
+
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+Disassembly of data contents:
+  0x200:                               | .pos 0x200 rodata
+  0x200: 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 |   .string "0123456789"
+  0x20a: 00                            | 
+  0x20b: 68 65 6c 6c 6f 20 77 6f 72 6c |   .string "hello world"
+  0x215: 64 00                         | 
+  0x217: 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 6a |   .string "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
+  0x221: 6b 6c 6d 6e 6f 70 71 72 73 74 | 
+  0x22b: 75 76 77 78 79 7a 00          | 
+
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Disassembly of data contents:
+  0x200:                               | .pos 0x200 rodata
+  0x200: 66 6f 6f 00                   |   .string "foo"
+  0x204: 77 30 30 74 00                |   .string "w00t"
+  0x209: 75 70 20 64 6f 77 6e 00       |   .string "up down"
+
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+Disassembly of data contents:
+  0x200:                               | .pos 0x200 rodata
+  0x200: 54 6f 20 62 65 2c 20 6f 72 20 |   .string "To be, or not to be: that is the question"
+  0x20a: 6e 6f 74 20 74 6f 20 62 65 3a | 
+  0x214: 20 74 68 61 74 20 69 73 20 74 | 
+  0x21e: 68 65 20 71 75 65 73 74 69 6f | 
+  0x228: 6e 00                         | 
+  0x22a: 57 68 61 74 27 73 20 69 6e 20 |   .string "What's in a name? A rose by any other name would smell as sweet."
+  0x234: 61 20 6e 61 6d 65 3f 20 41 20 | 
+  0x23e: 72 6f 73 65 20 62 79 20 61 6e | 
+  0x248: 79 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 6e 61 | 
+  0x252: 6d 65 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 20 73 | 
+  0x25c: 6d 65 6c 6c 20 61 73 20 73 77 | 
+  0x266: 65 65 74 2e 00                | 
+  0x26b: 42 75 74 2c 20 66 6f 72 20 6d |   .string "But, for my own part, it was Greek to me."
+  0x275: 79 20 6f 77 6e 20 70 61 72 74 | 
+  0x27f: 2c 20 69 74 20 77 61 73 20 47 | 
+  0x289: 72 65 65 6b 20 74 6f 20 6d 65 | 
+  0x293: 2e 00                         | 
+
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More